Sand (sand quarry operation - extraction from river bed)

Emissions generated by the activity within the product supply chain as described in ecoinvent v3.10. The product "sand" represents an average type of sand extracted. Sand is co-produced with gravel where production of 1 kg represents 35% sand and 65% gravel. The largest use of construction sand and gravel is as aggregate for the production of concrete. The second largest use is as foundation material for highways railways runways etc. Other major uses include aggregate for hot mix asphalt and filler for highway dam and other back-filling. Smaller volumes of construction sand and gravel are used in plaster and gunite sands snow and ice control and railroad ballast. The cut-off classification is allocatable product. The activity type is ordinary transforming activity. The reference product amount is 1.