Hard coal ash (market for hard coal ash)

Emissions generated by the activity within the product supply chain as described in ecoinvent v3.10. The product 'hard coal ash' is a solid waste under the category of industrial wastes. It is primarily generated in heat and elrctricity production but it is also generated in a wide range of activities in different sectors like chemicals production minerals extraction etc. 'hard coal ash' contain the following fractions: 100% ash from combustion of hard coal. By the database default (and per unit of reference product) 'hard coal ash' has 0% water on wet mass basis (100% dry matter) and it has no Carbon content. It has no heating value. This kind of by-product (recyclable or waste) is generated from ordinary transforming activities and as such can be considered for modelling waste outputs of comparable composition. In the ecoinvent database treatment option/s for this by-product include: deposition (sanitary landfill residual material landfill) thermal (municipal incineration). Based on the aforementioned treatments this by-product receives it can be both a hazardous and a non-hazardous waste. In addition this by-product is used in the following processes: autoclaved aerated concrete block production; cement production alternative constituents 21-35%; cement production alternative constituents 45%; cement production alternative constituents 6-20%; cement production blast furnace slag 18-30% and 18-30% other alternative constituents; cement production blast furnace slag 31-50% and 31-50% other alternative constituents; cement production fly ash 21-35%; cement production fly ash 6-20%; cement production limestone 21-35%; cement production pozzolana and fly ash 11-35%; cement production pozzolana and fly ash 15-40%; cement production pozzolana and fly ash 15-50%; cement production pozzolana and fly ash 25-35%; cement production pozzolana and fly ash 36-55%; cement production pozzolana and fly ash 5-15%; cement production pozzolana and fly ash 6-14%; cement production sulphate resistant; clinker production; concrete production 25MPa ready-mix exposure class XC1; concrete production 25MPa ready-mix exposure class XC2; concrete production 30MPa ready-mix exposure class XC3; concrete production 30MPa ready-mix exposure classes XC3/XD2/XF1/XA1; flyash brick production. This by-product can be modelled on two levels: treatment activity and market activity. The former one refers to the specific technology treating the by-product while the latter level represents a mix of treatments. Users are encouraged to inspect the modelling assumptions of the treatment activities and when selecting the market to additionally inspect the treatment mix. Collection and transportation of this by-product is accounted in the respective market activity users are advised to inspect and modify the average transportation distances for a case specific modelling. The cut-off classification is Waste. The activity type is market activity. The reference product amount is -1.